Stem cell-derived neural organoids as platforms to investigate glioblastoma invasion and migration: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics and methodology for the formation of glioblastoma tumor model (spheroids or cells)

Ref.	Tumor model (method)	Cell number	Cell type	Cell/stem cell	Fluorescent expressed	Culture medium	Supplements	Culture time (days)
Van De Looverbosch et al[33], 2025	Suspension cells	1000 and 2000	Patient-derived	GSCs (LBT037-EGFP)	EGFP	Neurocult medium	bFGF, EGF, heparin, and anti-anti	NR
Ferreira et al[34], 2024	Suspension cells	100000	Lineage	U343MG	GFP	DMEM	Anti-anti and FBS	NR
				LN18
Pedrosa et al[25], 2023	Spheres (grow up as tumor spheres in non-laminin coated plate)	NR	Patient-derived	Proneural (GIC7)	GFP	DMEM/F12	EGF, bFGF, glucose, N2, glutamine, BSA, and HEPES	NR
				Mesenchymal (PG88)
Fedorova et al[35], 2023	Spheres (poly-HEMA-treated ULA V-bottom 96-well plate + centrifuged (200 g/2 minute)	2000	Lineage	U87MG	GFP and tdTomato	DMEM/F12	Glutamax, NEAA, PS, and FBS	1
Bassot et al[36], 2023	Suspension cells	NR	Patient-derived	Classical GSC (Ge904)	Non-labeled	DMEM-high	Glucose, Glutamax, PS, and FBS	NR
Goranci-Buzhala et al[37], 2021	Suspension cells	1000	Patient-derived	GSCs (U3047MG (OPC-like)	mCherry	Neurocult NS-A	EGF, bFGF, N2, L-glutamine, B27 without vitamin A, heparin, and BSA	NR
				GSCs (U3024MG (MES-like)
Azzarelli et al[14], 2021	Suspension cells	10000 or 50000	Patient-derived	GSCs (GCGR-E27 and GCGR-E35)	H2B-GFP	D8437	EGF, bFGF, N2, Glutamax, B27, PS, and laminin	NR
Krieger et al[38], 2020	Suspension cells	1000	Patient-derived	4 patient-derived cell lines	GFP	Neurobasal medium	EGF, bFGF, L-glutamine, B27, and heparin	7-21
Goranci-Buzhala et al[23], 2020	Spheres (ULA U-bottom 96-well plate)	1000	Patient-derived	GSCs primary lines (U3047MG, U3024MG, 450)	mCherry	Neurocult NS-A	EGF, bFGF, N2, L-glutamin, B27 without vitamin A, heparin, and BSA	2
				GSCs recurrent lines (275-BIS)	GFP
Linkous et al[24], 2019	Suspension cells	10000	Patient-derived	GSCs	GFP	Neurobasal medium	bFGF, sodium, N2, B27, L-glutamine, and heparin	NR
					RFP-827

GSCs: Glioblastoma stem cells; EGFP: Enhanced green fluorescent protein; bFGF: Basal fibroblast growth fator; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; NR: Not reported; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; Poly-HEMA: Poly-hydroxyethyl methacryla; ULA: Ultra-low attachment; NEAA: Non-essential amino acids; PS: Penicillin/streptomycin; OPC-like: Oligodendrocyte-progenitor-like; MES-like: Mesenchymal-like; H2B-GFP: Histone-fused construct green fluorescent protein; RFP: Red fluorescent protein; Anti-Anti: Antibiotic/antimycotic.