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World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2025; 17(8): 108695
Published online Aug 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i8.108695
Figure 2
Figure 2 Action mechanisms of the mentioned mesenchymal stem cells for preventing recurrent spontaneous abortion. The figure was created by BioRender (Supplementary material). MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; Th1: T helper type 1; Th2: T helper type 2; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; TLR-4: Toll-like receptor 4; STAT-1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; HMOX-1: Heme oxygenase-1.