Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases

Table 4 Summary of therapeutic efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives in Huntington’s disease

Animal model	Source	Type	Administration method	Main outcomes	Ref.
R62 mice	Human	hUC-MSCs	IP	Regulate microglia; improve neurological dysfunction	[171]
R62 mice	Mice	BM-MSCs	IN	Improve neuroinflammation and dopaminergic signaling, increase survival rate	[172]
C57BL/6 mice with 3-NP	Human	hUC-MSCs	SI	Decrease gliosis, ameliorate motor coordination and muscle activity, along with an increase in striatal volume and dendritic length of the striatum	[173]
C57BL/6 mice with 3-NP	Mice	BM-MSCs	IV	Inhibit 3-NP-induced neurological insults via modulation of the Ca2+/CaN/NFATc4 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	[174]
C57BL/6 mice with 3-NP	Human	DPSCs	IV	Neuroprotection	[175]

R62 mice: HTT exon1-62Q knock-in mice; hUC-MSCs: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; IP: Intraperitoneal injection; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; IN: Intranasal administration; 3-NP: 3-nitropropionic acid; SI: Stereotaxic injection; IV: Intravenous injection; CaN: Calcineurin; NFATc4: Nuclear factor of activated t-cells c4; DPSCs: Dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells.