Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases

Table 1 Classification and characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells

Type	Advantage	Limitations	Ref.
BM-MSCs	First to be discovered, abundant sources, possesses good differentiation capacity and immune regulatory functions	Invasive collection process, age-related decline in proliferation capacity and differentiation potential	[76-79]
ADSCs	Abundant sources, relatively easy collection process	Cell quality influenced by the age, weight, and disease status of donor	[80,81]
UC-MSCs	Convenient collection, no ethical issues, strong proliferative capacity, high differentiation potential, and low immunogenicity	Requires establishment of cord blood banks for preservation and management	[82,83]
PMSCs	Easily accessible, convenient collection, limited ethical concerns and low immunogenicity	Placental tissue has complex origin and requires strict screening and processing, needs to be collected from a healthy mother giving birth to a healthy baby	[84]
DPSCs	No ethical concerns, low immunogenicity, and high regenerative potential	Limited opportunities for collection	[85,86]
MenSCs	No ethical concerns, low immunogenicity, and strong cell proliferation capacity	Proliferation capacity influenced by donor age, passage number, and storage time	[87,88]

BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PMSCs: Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells; DPSCs: Dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MenSCs: Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells.