Current perspectives on regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells in alleviating cardiac injuries: Molecular pathways and therapeutic enhancement

Table 3 Exosome treatments in several preclinical models of cardiovascular disease

Cardiac injury	Isolation method	Dose	Number of injections/timing of injections	Route	Ref.
Ischemia/reperfusion	High-performance liquid chromatography	0.4-0.8 μg	Single dose/5 minutes prior to reperfusion	In the perfusion fluid ex-vivo	[89]
Ischemia/reperfusion	High-performance liquid chromatography	0.4 μg	Single/5 minutes prior to reperfusion	Intravenous injection	[235]
Myocardial infarction	Purification from conditioned media	2 × 1011 particles	Single/tail-vein 3 hours after reperfusion	Intravenous injection	[254]
Myocardial infarction	ExoQuick-TC system	Harvested from 4 × 106 MSCs	Single/following left anterior descending artery ligation	Intramyocardial injection	[258]
Myocardial infarction	Exosome isolation reagent (#4478359, Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, United States)	5 μg	Single/injected 30 minutes after left anterior descending artery ligation (at three sites of the border zone of the infarcted area)	Intramyocardial injection	[259]
Myocardial infarction	ExoQuick-TC system	80 μg	Single/injected 60 minutes after left anterior descending artery ligation (at four sites of the border zone of the infarcted area)	Intramyocardial injection	[236]
Myocardial infarction	Ultrafiltration method	1 × 1011 particles/kg body weight	Multiple/7 consecutive days after myocardial infarction	Inhalation	[235]
Doxorubicin/trastuzumab-induced cardiac toxicity	Purified exosomes filtered through a 0.2 mm membrane NTA technology	3 × 1010 particles	Multiple/at days 5, 11, and 19 of the experiment	Intravenous injection	[260]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; NTA: Nanoparticles tracking analysis.