Current perspectives on regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells in alleviating cardiac injuries: Molecular pathways and therapeutic enhancement

Table 2 Differential expression of specific stem cell markers

Adhesion molecules and growth factors	Differential expression	Ref.
CD11c (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1)	Similar expression in both adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[133]
CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule)	Similar expression in both adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[133]
	Not detected in either adipose tissue-stromal or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[134]
CD34	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were negative, while adipose tissue-stromal cells were positive	[134]
	Low expression by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and no detection by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[133]
CD44	Similar expression in both adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[134]
CD49d (integrin α4)	Found in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, while bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells did not	[133]
CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1)	Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressed high levels, while bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells had minimal expression	[134]
CD106 (vascular cell adhesion protein 1)	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were positive, while adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were negative	[134]
CD191 (C-C chemokine receptor type 1)	Expressed in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells more than bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	[135]
Chemokines receptor types 1, 4, 6, and CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1	Not detected in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared to relevant expression in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells	[135]