Autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 The reasons for the usage of different sources for extracting mesenchymal stromal cells in order to treat diabetes mellitus[45]

MSC source	Proliferation rate	Immunomodulation	Angiogenesis	Differentiation potential	Clinical applications in diabetes
BM-MSCs	Moderate	Strong	Moderate	Osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic	Immune modulation, islet transplantation support
AD-MSCs	High	Strong	High	Adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic	Insulin sensitivity, wound healing
UC-MSCs	Very high	Strongest	High	Osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic	Autoimmune diabetes (T1DM), regenerative therapy
WJ-MSCs	Very high	Strongest	High	Osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic	β-cell protection, allogeneic therapy
PD-MSCs	High	Strong	Very high	Multipotent	β-cell protection, neuroprotection, tissue repair

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSCs: Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; WJ-MSCs: Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells; PD-MSCs: Pluripotent-derived mesenchymal stem cells.