Molecular and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on autoimmune diseases

Figure 3 Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells/mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Created with http://biorender.com. Anti-CCP: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; MSC-Exos: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; Treg: Regulatory T cell; Th1: T helper 1; Th17: T helper 17; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; CD4⁺ T cells: Cluster of differentiation 4 positive T cells; Breg: Regulatory B cells; MMP14: Matrix metalloproteinase-14; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; FGL1: Fibrinogen-like protein 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; CXCL9: CXC motif chemokine ligand 9; M1: Pro-inflammatory macrophage; M2: Anti-inflammatory macrophage; miRNA: MicroRNA.