Childhood insulin resistance and neural stem cell dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Role of de novo lipogenesis and treatment perspectives

Table 1 Markers of de novo lipogenesis, substrates of gluconeogenesis, and metabolic parameters/abnormalities in patients with psychiatric disorders

Parameters	Psychosis	Depression
DNL markers
SFAs	Increased[32,36-39]	Increased[40,41]
MUFAs	Increased[32,36-39]	Increased[40,41]
PUFAs1	Reduced[32,36-39]	Reduced[40,41]
Ceramides	Increased[42]	Increased[42]
Triglycerides	Increased[48,60]	Increased[55,61]
GLN substrates
Lactate	Increased[56]	Increased[57]
Citrate	Increased[33]	Unknown
Pyruvate	Increased[54]	Unknown
GluAA	Increased[4,54]	Increased[55]
Metabolic parameters
Blood glucose	Increased[9,10,47,48]	Increased[10,51]
IR/insulin level	Increased[9,10,47,48]	Increased[10,51]
Obesity (BMI)	Increased[6,47]	Increased[10,51]
Diabetes	Increased[9,10,47]	Increased[10,51]

¹Obtained through diet and not synthesized via de novo lipogenesis in the body.

DNL: De novo lipogenesis; SFAs: Saturated fatty acids; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; GLN: Gluconeogenesis; GluAA: Glucogenic amino acids; IR: Insulin resistance; BMI: Body mass index.