Combining acupuncture and mesenchymal stem cell therapy offers promise as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell

Ref.	Model	Cell type	Method	Mechanism indicators	Pathway
Che et al[55]	LPS-treated mice	hUC-MSC	Tail vein injection	TNF-α↓; IL-6↓; ROS↓; CD86↓; CD206↑; NLRP3↓; ASC↓; caspase-1↓	Nrf2/NF-κB/NLRP3
Cao et al[56]	SCI mice	hUC-MSC	Injected along the spinal cord	TNF-α↓; PTBP1↓	TNF-α/NF-κB
Stavely et al[58]	IBD mice	BM-MSC	Enema	IL-6↓; TNF↓; IL-1α↓; IL-1b↓; IFNG↓; CXCL2↓; TBX21↓; ITGAM↓; NOS2↓; ARG1↓; GATA3↓; MRC1↓; HMOX1↓; FOXP3↑; CD45↓	-
Xian et al[146]	SE mice	MSC-Exo	Intraventricular injection (in vivo), mix culture (in vitro)	GFAP↓; C3↓; CD81↓; Ki67↓; TNF-α↓; IL-1β↓	Nrf2/NF-κB
Xiao et al[147]	ALI mice	BM-MSC	Tail vein injection	Ikbkb↓	NF-κB/hedgehog
Zhang et al[148]	IBD mice and CIA mice	hUC-MSC	Tail vein injection	Tregs↑; Th17↓	ETS2/AURKA/NF-κB/Fas/MCP-1
Li et al[149]	ALI mice	BM-MSC	In vitro MSC isolation	TNF-α↓; IL-6↓; IL-10↓; HO-1↑; GPX-1↑	Nrf2/ARE and NF-κB
Song et al[150]	ADR induced nephropathy mice	BM-MSC	Tail vein injection	MDA↓; IL-10↓; IFN-γ↓; TNF-α↓; IL-12↓; COX-2↓	NF-κB
Han et al[151]	SAH rats	BM-MSC	Tail vein injection	TGFβ↑; iNOS↓; CD16↓; CD11b↓; IL-1β↓; p-AMPK↑	AMPK/NF-κB
Wang et al[152]	SCI rats	MSC-Exo	Intrathecal injection	TNF-α↓; IL-1β↓; IL-6; Bcl2↓; Bax↓; caspase-3↓	miR-146b/TLR4/NF-κB p65

LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; hUC-MSC: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NLPR3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3; ASC: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; NLRP3: Nod-like receptor protein 3; SCI: Spinal cord injury; PTBP1: Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; BM-MSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; IFNG: Interferon gamma; CXCL2: CXC motif chemokine ligand 2; TBX21: T-box transcription factor 21; ITGAM: Integrin Subunit α M; NOS2: Nitric oxide synthase 2; ARG1: Arginase 1; GATA3: GATA binding protein 3; MRC1: Mannose receptor C-type 1; HMOX1: Heme-oxygenase 1; FOXP3: Forkhead box protein 3; SE: Status epilepticus; MSC-Exo: Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosome; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; ALI: Acute lung injury; Ikbkb: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit B; CIA: Collagen-induced arthritis; Treg: Regulatory T cell; Th17: T helper type 17 cell; ETS2: ETS proto-oncogene 2, transcription factor; AURKA: Aurora kinase A; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; GPX-1: Glutathione peroxidase 1; ARE: Antioxidant response element; ADR: Antioxidant response element; MDA: Malondialdehyde; IFN: Interferon; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; TGF: Transforming growth factor; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.