Challenges in the clinical translation of stromal vascular fraction therapy in regenerative medicine

Table 1 Cellular composition and roles of stromal vascular fraction

Cell type	Proportion in SVF	Primary functions	Therapeutic implications
Adipose-derived stem cells	About 30%-40%	Multipotent differentiation, paracrine signaling, immunomodulation	Tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory effects, angiogenesis
Endothelial cells	About 10%-15%	Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), maintenance of vascular integrity	Enhancing blood supply to damaged tissues, improving graft survival
Pericytes	About 5%-10%	Stabilization of blood vessels, support of endothelial cells	Vascular stabilization, promoting tissue repair
Immune cells	About 20%-30%	Modulation of immune responses, inflammation control	Immunosuppression in autoimmune diseases, reducing chronic inflammation
Smooth muscle cells	About 5%	Regulation of blood vessel contraction and blood flow	Vascular remodeling, support of angiogenesis
Fibroblasts	About 5%	Extracellular matrix production, wound healing	Enhancing tissue structure and integrity during regeneration
Other cells	About 5%-10%	Various supportive and regulatory roles	Diverse contributions to tissue repair and immune modulation

SVF: Stromal vascular fraction.