Effect of adipokines on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell function

Table 1 Function and molecular mechanism of common adipokines regulating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Adipokines	Models	Molecular mechanism	Function	Ref.
Visfatin	BMSCs	NAD-Sirt1	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[22]
Visfatin	C3H10T1/2 cells	Sirt1 pathways	Promoting osteogenic differentiation, inhibiting adipogenic differentiation	[23]
Visfatin	Senile MSCs	NAD+-Sirt1	Delay aging	[26]
Visfatin	BMSCs	NAD+-Sirt1-p53	Delay aging	[27]
Chemerin	OVX mices	-	Inhibiting angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation	[40]
Chemerin	MC3T3-E1 cells	Wnt-β-catenin	Inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and proliferation	[41]
Chemerin	Raw264.7 cell lines	RANK signal transduction	Enhancing osteoclast differentiation	[41]
Chemerin	C3H10T1/2 cells	Akt-GSK3β-β-catenin	Osteogenic differentiation	[42,43]
Chemerin	BMSCs	G2/M phase cyclin	Inhibiting adipogenic differentiation, clone amplification and proliferation	[45,46]
Chemerin	BMSCs	PPARγ-chemerin-CMKLR1	Inhibiting lipogenesis	[35]
Vaspin	BMSCs	PI3K-AKT and ERK1/2	Enhancing cell survival and proliferation	[62]
Vaspin	BMSCs	NF-κB pathways	Anti-inflammatory effect	[63]
Vaspin	BMSCs	MAPK-p38, MAPK-ERK	Anti-apoptosis effect	[64]
Vaspin	BMSCs	ERK1/2 pathways	Osteogenic differentiation	[67]
Vaspin	BMSCs	Akt pathways	Differentiation into chondrocytes	[68]
APN	EPCs	PI3K pathways	Promoting cell regeneration	[77,78]
APN	BMSCs	SCF-STAT3-HIF1α	Promoting cell migration	[6]
APN	BMSCs	SDF-1-CXCR4	Promoting cell migration and bone regeneration	[78]
APN	BMSCs	AMPK pathways	Promoting cell viability and reduce apoptosis	[79]
APN	BMSCs	Wnt-β-catenin-GSK3β	Osteogenic differentiation	[81-84]
APN	BMSCs	Wnt-β-catenin	Osteogenic differentiation	[85]
APN	BMSCs and C3H10T1/2 cells	APN-APPL1-p38 MAPK	Osteogenic differentiation	[86,87]
APN	HASCs	APPL1-ERK1/2	Osteogenic differentiation	[88]
APN	BMSCs	Sirt1, Wnt pathways	Promoting bone formation and anti-fat formation	[89]
APN	BMSCs	AMPK-mTOR	Inhibiting osteogenic differentiation	[90,91]
APN	Chondrocytes	-	Promoting proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and matrix mineralization	[92,93]
APN	BMSCs	-	Enhancing migration ability and osteogenic differentiation ability	[96,97]

BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells; NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Sirt1: Sirtuin 1; OVX: Ovariectomized; MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cell; RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B; AKT: Protein kinase B; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; CMKLR1: Chemokine-like receptor 1; APN: Adiponectin; EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell; PI3K: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase; ERK1/2: Extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; SCF: Stem cell factor; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; HIF1α: Hypoxia inducible factor 1α; SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor 1; CXCR4: CXC receptor 4; AMPK: Adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; APPL1: Adaptor protein containing a PH domain, PTB domain and leucine zipper motif 1; HASCs: Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin.