Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Stem Cells. Dec 26, 2025; 17(12): 106128
Published online Dec 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Table 5 Gene expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with nanoscale hydroxyapatite and calcifying nanoparticles, mean ± SD

Group	*OPN*	*BMP-2*	*Bcl-2*	*Caspase3*	*Bax*	*TGF-β*	*Smad3*
Control	1.016 ± 0.205	1.018 ± 0.208	1.007 ± 0.133	1.008 ± 0.147	1.002 ± 0.075	1.010 ± 0.161	1.007 ± 0.118
M-nHAPs	2.384 ± 0.577^a	1.996 ± 0.332^a	0.584 ± 0.134^a	2.169 ± 0.232^a	1.919 ± 0.210^a	1.714 ± 0.305^a	1.617 ± 0.210^a
M-CNPs	2.437 ± 0.535^a	2.131 ± 0.362^a	0.324 ± 0.049^a^,^b	1.839 ± 0.207^a^,^b	1.767 ± 0.105^a	1.930 ± 0.258^a	1.861 ± 0.341^a
M-CNPs + SB431542	1.520 ± 0.447^b^,^c	1.356 ± 0.266^b^,^c	0.878 ± 0.113^b^,^c	1.329 ± 0.182^a^,^b^,^c	1.208 ± 0.227^b^,^c	1.279 ± 0.156^b^,^c	1.177 ± 0.253^b^,^c

^aP < 0.05 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the medium concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the medium concentration calcifying nanoparticles group.

OPN: Osteopontin; BMP-2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; M-nHAPs: Medium concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites; M-CNPs: Medium concentration calcifying nanoparticles.

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Citation: Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v17/i12/106128.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128 [PMID: 41480401 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128]

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