Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Stem Cells. Dec 26, 2025; 17(12): 106128
Published online Dec 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Table 4 Statistical analysis of apoptosis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with nanoscale hydroxyapatite and calcifying nanoparticles (mean ± SD, n = 6)

Group	Apoptosis rate
Control	2.52 ± 0.822
L-nHAPs	11.257 ± 0.895^a
M-nHAPs	22.175 ± 1.776^a^,^b
H-nHAPs	31.618 ± 2.622^a^,^b^,^c
L-CNPs	19.745 ± 1.302^a^,^b^,^d
M-CNPs	34.397 ± 2.002^a^,^b^,^c^,^e
H-CNPs	43.505 ± 1.96^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e^,^f
M-CNPs + SB431542	16.543 ± 0.76^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e^,^f^,^g

^aP < 0.05 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the low concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the medium concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites group.

^dP < 0.05 vs the high concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites group.

^eP < 0.05 vs the low concentration calcifying nanoparticles group.

^fP < 0.05 vs the medium concentration calcifying nanoparticles group.

^gP < 0.05 vs the high concentration calcifying nanoparticles group.

L-nHAPs: Low concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites; M-nHAPs: Medium concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites; H-nHAPs: High concentration nanoscale hydroxyapatites; L-CNPs: Low concentration calcifying nanoparticles; M-CNPs: Medium concentration calcifying nanoparticles; H-CNPs: High concentration calcifying nanoparticles.

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Citation: Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v17/i12/106128.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128 [PMID: 41480401 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128]

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