Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Stem Cells. Dec 26, 2025; 17(12): 106128
Published online Dec 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Table 1 Experimental grouping

Group	Treatment
Control	BMSCs + PBS
L-nHAPs (low concentration)	BMSCs + 2 MCF nHAPs
M-nHAPs (medium concentration)	BMSCs + 4 MCF nHAPs
H-nHAPs (high concentration)	BMSCs + 6 MCF nHAPs
L-CNPs (low concentration)	BMSCs + 2 MCF CNPs
M-CNPs (medium concentration)	BMSCs + 4 MCF CNPs
H-CNPs (high concentration)	BMSCs + 6 MCF CNPs
M-CNPs + SB431542	BMSCs + 4 MCF CNPs, followed by 1-hour treatment with 10 μM SB431542 after 3 days of culture

BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; nHAPs: Nanoscale hydroxyapatites; MCF: McFarland; CNPS: Calcifying nanoparticles.

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Citation: Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v17/i12/106128.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128

Su XL, Xu FR, Yang J, Niu SQ, Shi HJ, He YF, Li ZH, Bagari P, Wu XW, Peng XY, Zhang HW, Wang MY. Calcifying nanoparticles induce apoptosis and calcification in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(12): 106128 [PMID: 41480401 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i12.106128]

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