Targeting adipose remodeling: Synergistic mechanisms of drugs and adipose-derived stem cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 3 Phenotypic differences and differentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells from various sources

Source	Typical surface markers	Differentiation potential/characteristics
Subcutaneous fat	CD73+, CD90+, CD105+; CD34-/Low, CD45-	Strong adipogenic differentiation; moderate osteogenic/chondrogenic potential; suitable for tissue engineering
Visceral (intra-abdominal) fat	Same as subcutaneous; some studies report SC-ASCs (high CD10) vs VS-ASCs (high CD200)	Slight variation in adipogenic potential; possibly different impacts on metabolic regulation
Brown adipose tissue	Same as MSC markers; commonly express Sca-1, CD29, CD49 in experimental settings	Stronger differentiation capacity; high proliferation; excellent adipogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic potential
Others (e.g., retroperitoneal, periovarian fat)	Similar MSC markers; may include more vascular-related markers (e.g., CD146)	Broad differentiation spectrum; capable of differentiating into mitochondria-rich cell lineages; less studied

CD73: Cluster of differentiation 73; CD90: Cluster of differentiation 90; CD105: Cluster of differentiation 105; CD34: Cluster of differentiation 34; CD45: Cluster of differentiation 45; SC-ASCs: Subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells; CD10: Cluster of differentiation 10; VS-ASCs: Visceral adipose-derived stem cells; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; Sca-1: Stem cell antigen-1; CD29: Cluster of differentiation 29; CD49: Cluster of differentiation 49; CD146: Cluster of differentiation 146.