Living bio-drug therapies using mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes for mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 7 Network meta-analysis comparing exosomes and mesenchymal stem cells vs control interventions. A-C: Forest plots showing mechanical ventilation-free days (mean difference) (A), mortality (odds ratio) (B), and adverse events (odds ratio) (C). Each panel displays direct estimates, indirect estimates, and network estimates, along with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis includes three treatment comparisons: Exosomes vs control, mesenchymal stem cells vs control, and exosomes vs mesenchymal stem cells. Numbers indicate the number of studies contributing to each comparison, with I² values representing the level of heterogeneity. MD: Mean difference; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.