Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs in bone and bone-related disorders

Table 1 Role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in bone homeostasis, key targets, and functional effects

Exosome origin	Exosomal ncRNAs	Targets/pathways	Effects	In vivo models	Ref.
BMSCs	miR-150-5p	SOX2 and PI3K/Akt pathway	Induced type H blood vessel angiogenesis and osteogenesis	Female mice	[36]
Fucoidan-induced MSCs	miR-146b-5p	TRAF6 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways	Suppressed inflammatory responses, extracellular matrix degradation, and promoted chondrocyte autophagy	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	[37]
BMSCs	miR-422a	KLK4	Inhibited angiogenesis and osteogenesis	Female mice	[38]
Synovial MSCs	miR-485-3p	NRP1 and PI3K/Akt pathway	Relieved cartilage damage	N/A	[39]

ncRNAs: Non-coding RNAs; BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; SOX2: SRY (Sex Determining Region) box 2; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; TRAF6: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; KLK4: Kallikrein-4; NRP1: Neuropilin 1; N/A: Not applicable.