Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microRNAs: Key immunomodulators to prevent ocular tissue degeneration

Table 3 Effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microRNAs in diabetic retinopathy

Type of MSC	MiRNA	Target	Expression pattern	Function	Ref.
ADMSC	MiR-192	ITGA1	Upregulated	Negatively regulated ITGA1 and ameliorated diabetic retinal damage	Gu et al[75]
Rabbit ADMSCs	MiR-222	STAT5	Upregulated	Induced repair of diabetic retinal degeneration	Safwat et al[74]
Human BMSC	MiR-486-3p	TLR4	Upregulated	Inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and promoted proliferation of high glucose-treated Muller cells by downregulating TLR4; through TLR4/NF-κB axis repression	Li et al[81]
Human umbilical cord-MSC	MiR-18b	MAP3K1	Upregulated	Reduced vascular leakage and inflammation by targeting MAP3K1, thereby inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylation	Xu et al[78]
Human umbilical cord-MSC	MiR-17-3p	STAT1	Upregulated	Decreased contents of inflammatory factors and VEGF, alleviated oxidative injury, and inhibited retinal cell apoptosis through inhibiting STAT1	Li et al[77]
Human umbilical cord-MSC	MiR-30c-5p	PLCG1	Upregulated	Inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in high glucose-treated retinal endothelial cells via the PLCG1/PKC/NF-κB axis	He et al[79]
Human umbilical cord-MSC	MiR-5068, miR-10228	HIF-1α	Upregulated	Exhibited enhanced retinal therapeutic efficiency by regulating HIF-1α/EZH2/PGC-1α pathway	Sun et al[80]

ADMSC: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; ITGA1: Integrin alpha 1; MAP3K1: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1; miRNA: MicroRNA; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PGC-1α: Proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha PKC: Protein kinase C; PLCG1: Phospholipase C gamma 1; STAT5: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.