Priming mesenchymal stem cells to develop “super stem cells”

Table 2 Typical examples of growth factors, bioactive molecules, chemicals, and pharmacological agents used to pre-treat mesenchymal stem cells

GF, cytokines, & other bioactive molecules	Transgenes for genetic modulation of MSCs	Chemicals and pharmacological agents
Adrenomedullin	Adrenomedullin	Cobalt chloride
Angiopoietin-1	Akt	2,4-dinitrophenol
Angiotensin-II	Akt + angiopoietin	Aliskiren
Basic fibroblast GF	Bcl2	Atorvastatin
Epidermal GF	CXCR4, CXCR7	Diazoxide
GCSF	GATA4	Deferoxamine
Hepatocyte GF-1	Focal adhesion kinase	Dimethyloxalylglycine
Insulin-like GF-1	Hepatocyte GF-1	Glucagon-like protein-1
Interferon-γ	Hypoxia-inducible factor	Hydrogen peroxide
Interleukin1-β	Insulin-like GF-1	Lipopolysaccharide
Interleukin 6	Integrin subunit-alpha4	Nicorandil
Melatonin	Kallikerin-1	Pioglitazone
Oxytocin	cMyc	Salvianolic acid
Platelet-derived GF	Oct4	Simvastatin
Stromal cell-derived factor 1α	Protein kinase C	Sevoflurane
Thymosin β4	Sox2	Sodium butyrate
Transforming GF-β	Stromal cell-derived factor 1α	Tadalafil
Tumor necrosis factor-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α receptor	Trimetazidine
Vascular endothelial GF	Vascular endothelial GF	Trace elements like Zn
Vitamin E	Various microRNAs	Valproic acid

Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma-2; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; GCSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GF: Growth factor; GATA4: GATA-binding protein 4; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.