Neural stem cells for Parkinson’s disease management: Challenges, nanobased support, and prospects

Table 2 Experimental studies on the therapeutic role of alternative stem cell sources in Parkinson’s disease models

Stem cells source	Model	Effects	Ref.
hPESC line	MPTP-induced monkeys	Striatum deposition	Wang et al[93]
Q-CTS-hESC-1		↑ DA level
		↑ Expression of TH-, hNCAM and GIRK2-positive cells
		↑ Behavioral improvement
NPCs	6-OHDA rat model	↑ DA level	Song et al[94]
		↑ Nurr1 and Foxa2 transcription factors
		Improvement in behavior is not mentioned
hiPSC lines	6-OHDA rat model	Striatum deposition	Song et al[95]
		↑ DAergic neurons density
		↑ Behavioral amelioration
MSCs	6-OHDA rat model	↑ TH-positive fibers in the striatum and TH-positive neurons in the SNpc	Wang et al[96]
		↑ Therapeutic effects of SDF-1α
		↑ Behavioral amelioration
hMSCs	6-OHDA rat model	striatum deposition	Cova et al[97]
		↑ DAergic neuron density
		↑ Ki67/ PCNA – positive cells level
		↑ Dcx expression
		None of the grafted cells were TH- or DAT-positive
		Improvement in behavior is not mentioned

6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; DA: Dopamine; DAergic: Dopaminergic; DAT: Dopamine transporter; Dcx: Double cortin; GIRK2: G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2; hMSCs: Human adult MSCs; hiPSC: Human iPSC; hPESC: Human parthenogenetic ESCs; hNCAM: Human specific neural cell adhesion molecule; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; NPCs: Neural progenitor cells; Ki67: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, SDF-1α: Stromal cell-derived factor 1α; SNpc: Substantia nigra pars compacta; TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase.