Stimulating factors for regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Table 4 Hypoxia and their effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Conditions	Cell source	Results	Ref.
Hypoxic culture (5%O2)	BMSCs	↑ Chondrogenic differentiation; ↑ adipogenic differentiation	Elabd et al[75]
Hypoxic culture (5.5%-6.5%O2)	Balb/c mouse clonal MSCs	↑ Osteogenic differentiation	Kim et al[74]
Hypoxic culture (50 μM CoCl2 simulation)	Mice MSCs	↑ Osteogenic differentiation	Yu et al[77]
Hypoxic culture (5%O2)	ADSCs	↑ Chondrogenic differentiation	Lee et al[76]
Hypoxic culture (1%O2)	PBMSCs	↑ Osteogenic differentiation	Yang et al[3]
Hypoxic culture (1%O2)	BMSCs	↓ Osteogenic differentiation; ↓ adipogenic differentiation; ↓ chondrogenic differentiation	Cicione et al[78]
Hypoxic culture (1%O2)	BMSCs	↑ Neuronal differentiation	Wang et al[80]
Hypoxic culture (1%O2)	BMSCs	↓ Osteogenic differentiation	Xu et al[72]
Hypoxic culture (2%O2)	ADSCs	↑ Tenocyte differentiation	Yu et al[73]
Hypoxic culture (2%O2)	ADSCs	↓ Osteogenic differentiation	Kim et al[79]
Hypoxic culture (2%O2)	BMSCs	↑ Osteogenic differentiation	Ciapetti et al[71]

↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease; BMSCs: Bone mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; PBMSCs: Peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells.