Roles of cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers

Table 2 Methods for targeting colorectal cancer stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Ref.	Genes/transcription factors/protein	Inducing way	Role
Fumagalli et al[72]	Lgr5	-	Promoting the growth of CRC
Cheung et al[74]	CD16	-	Promoting the growth of CRC
Razi et al[75]	DCLK1	MiR-137 and Mir-15a-dependent manner	Promoting the growth of CRC
Park et al[76]	JAK2/STAT3/CCND2 axis	-	Causing drug resistance of CCSCs
Liu et al[77]	Sec62	Activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Causing drug resistance of CCSCs
Izumi et al[78]	F-Box/WD repeat-containing protein 7	-	Causing drug resistance of CCSCs
Wei et al[79]	PD-L1	Activating HMGA1-dependent Signaling pathway	Maintaining CSCs self-renewal
Cho et al[80]	5-FU	Activing p53-mediated WNT/β-catenin pathway	Promoting the stemness of CRC
Chen et al[81]	Phenethyl isothiocyanate	Suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Inhibiting CCSCs
Chen et al[82]	(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate	Suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Inhibiting CCSCs
Dahal et al[83]	AGR2	Regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Regulating the stemness maintenance of CCSCs
Jang et al[84]	Tankyrase inhibitors	Downregulating c-KIT tyrosine kinase	Inhibiting the growth of CD44-positive CCSCs
Liu et al[85]	PTK6 interacts with JAK2	Activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling	Reversing chemoresistance in CRC
Quarni et al[86]	Mitramycin A	-	Inhibiting CCSCs
Lim et al[88]	PrPC	Interacting with c-MET	Inhibiting CCSCs

CCSC: Colorectal cancer stem cells; CRC: Colorectal cancer; CSCs: Cancer stem cells.