Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke

Table 2 Important immunological factors and their impact

Inflammatory mediators	Impacts	End of MSC-Exos transplantation/culture	Ref.
TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[71,75,81,85,91,100,104,111,130,140,141,143]
IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[81,85,100,104,111,140,141]
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[71,75,81,85,91,100,111,122,130,140-143]
iNOS	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[81,91]
IFN-γ	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[135]
IL-8	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[130]
NLRP3	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[99,145]
CysLT2R	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[87,89]
CCL-2	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[75]
MCP-1	Pro-inflammatory	Decline	[71,81]
IL-4	Anti-inflammatory	Raise	[91]
IL-10	Anti-inflammatory	Raise	[91,100,130,142,143]
TGF-β	Anti-inflammatory	Raise	[130,142]

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; iNOS: Influx activates nitric oxide synthase; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; CysLT2R: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2; CCL-2: C-C motif ligand 2; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; NLRP3: NLRP3 inflammasome; MSC-Exos: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes.