Maternal inappropriate calcium intake aggravates dietary-induced obesity in male offspring by affecting the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells

Figure 1 Abnormal dietary calcium intake during pregnancy and lactation aggravated development of obesity among male offspring. A: Body weight; B: Energy intake; C: Contents of serum calcium; D: Contents of serum glucose; E: Contents of serum triglyceride; F: Contents of serum total cholesterol; G: Oral glucose tolerance test; H: Insulin glucose tolerance test; I and J: The infiltration and percentages of M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages and ATDC cells in the epididymal white adipose tissue and inguinal white adipose tissue. All pooled data was represented as mean ± standard error (n = 10/group). One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the differences among the above four groups, and then Student–Newman–Keuls test was used to determine the differences between each two groups. Compared to the NC-C group, ^aP < 0.05. Compared to the NC-HFD group, ^bP < 0.05. NC-C: Normal-calcium reproductive diet and normal-fat diet after weaning; NC-HFD: Normal-calcium reproductive diet and high-fat-diet (HFD) after weaning; DC-HFD: Deficient-calcium reproductive diet and HFD after weaning; LC-HFD: Low-calcium reproductive diet and HFD after weaning; HC-HFD: High-calcium diet and HFD after weaning; eWAT: Epididymal white adipose tissue; iWAT: Inguinal white adipose tissue.