Molecular mechanism of therapeutic approaches for human gastric cancer stem cells

Table 2 Potential gastric cancer stem cells intracellular markers

Intracellular markers	Function	Physiological significance					Involved signaling pathways	Therapeutic targets	Prognostic marker of GC	Ref.
		Tumorigenicity/GCSC generation	Spheroid formation	Chemo-resistance	Radio-resistance	EMT/metastasis
DOCK6	Dock-C subfamily guanine nucleotide exchanger	●	●	●	●	●	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	DOCK6	●	[50]
Mist1	Transcriptional factor	●	●	●	ND	●	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Mist1	●	[51]
MSI-1	RNA-binding protein	●	●	●	ND	●	EGFR pathway	MSI-1	●	[48]
NANOG	Transcription factor	●	●	●	ND	●	Wnt/β-catenin pathwayJAK-STAT pathway	NANOG	●	[23,52]
Oct3/4	Octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4	●	●	●	ND	●	Wnt/β-catenin pathwayJAK-STAT pathway	Oct3/4	●	[23,53]
SOX2	Sex determining region Y-box 2	●	●	●	ND	●	Wnt/β-catenin pathwayJAK-STAT pathway	SOX2MiR-134all-trans retinoic acid	●	[52-57]

●: Determined; ND: Not determined; DOCK6: Dedicator of cytokinesis 6; Mist1: Muscle, intestine and stomach expression 1; MSI-1: Musashi RNA binding protein 1; GCSCs: Gastric cancer stem cells; GC: Gastric cancer; EMT: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition; NANOG: nanog homeobox; Oct3/4: Octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4; SOX2: Sex determining region Y-box 2; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; miRNA: MicroRNA.