Induced pluripotent stem cells as suitable sensors for fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Table 3 Effects of disease-conditioned medium on in vitro cultured stem cells

Ref.	Disease/condition	Conditioned medium/culture supernatant	Target cultured cells	Results/effects
Raimondo et al[30], 2019	Multiple myeloma (MM)	Exosomes from MM.1S cell line. Exosomes from bone marrow	hTERT-MSC (human telomerase reverse transcriptase stromal cell line)	Osteoclastogenesis (Osteoclast formation). Blockade of osteogenic differentiation of MSC with increased IL-8 expression
Bougaret et al[31], 2017	Obesity-associated increased risk of metastasis in breast cancer post-menopausal patients	Supernatant of MCF-7 cells cocultured with mature adipocytes	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	Increased HUVEC cell proliferation, endothelial tube formation, migration, IL-6 levels and decrease in Leptin and VEGFR HUVEC receptors
Bai et al[32], 2016	Trichinella spiralis skeletal muscle infection	Supernatant of murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 infected with ML-ESP	Murine myoblast cell line C2C12	Avoid formation of myotubes by decreased MyoD, myogenin and MyHC protein expression affecting the differentiation of myoblasts. Suppresses the cell cycle influencing p21 and D1 protein expression
Kozakowska et al[33], 2015	Diabetes-associated angiogenesis deficiency	Supernatant of C2C12 myoblasts overexpressing HO-1 or a luciferase gene (control)	Intramuscular injection in mice	Improved skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemia by increased neovascularization with lower number of granulocytes and higher proportion of lymphocytes
Wobus et al[34], 2015	Breast cancer	Supernatant of MFC-7, MDA-MB231 breast carcinomas with respect to MCF-10 (control)	Primary Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) and MSC cell line SCP-1	Modulate genes belonging to proliferation and differentiation. Downregulation of chemokine receptor CXCL12 expression
Cabbage et al[35], 2014	Atherosclerosis	Supernatant of the macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) inoculated with Chlamydia pneumoniae	BSMC (bovine aortic smooth muscle cells) and perivascular Sca-1+, CD31-, CD45- cells from apoE-/- mouse aortas	Accelerate the conversion of smooth muscle cells to calcifying cells. Increase the production of collagen II causing osteochondrocytic phenotypes
Fasslrinner et al[36], 2012	Graft vs host disease/Inflammation	MLR supernatant (Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction) from PBMCs	Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from the bone marrow	Decrease in the population doubling compared to control. Increased IL-8, IL-6 and Ang-1 levels. Induced osteogenic differentiation and suppress adipogenic differentiation
Zhao et al[37], 2007	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)	SOD1-G93A ALS mice CNS extracts	hMSC (human mesenchymal stem cell)	Morphological change from fibroblast to neuron phenotype without detectable apoptosis and death. Delay in proliferation of hMSC due to increased differentiation rate
Vaisman et al[38], 1996	Granulopoiesis in Anorexia Nervosa	Plasma and supernatant of cultured PBMCs	Bone marrow GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony forming cells)	Decreased numbers of GM-CFS
Roodman et al[39], 1992	Paget’s disease	Supernatant of cultured Paget’s nonadherent bone marrow mononuclear cells	Bone marrow cells from healthy donors	Increased MNC (multinucleated cell) formation and IL-6 levels

BMI: Body mass index; CNS: Central nervous system; hADSC: Human adipose-derived stem cells; HO-1: Heme oxygenase; ML-ESP: Excretory-secretory products released by the muscle-larvae from Trichinella spiralis; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.