Calcium channels and their role in regenerative medicine

Table 1 Stem cells and their phenotypic markers and transcription factors

Embryonic stem cells (expression of SM/TF)
Human	Positive SM	SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CD9, Thy1, HLA-I CD133, and CD326[92-94]
	Negative SM	SSEA-1[92-94]
	TF	Oct 3/4, Sox2, Nanog, activin/nodal, FGF, Esrrb, and Tfcp2l1, Klf4, Klf2, Tbx3, and Gbx2[92,94,95]
Mouse	Positive SM	SSEA-1 and alkaline phosphatase[92,94]
	Negative SM	SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81[92,94]
	TF	Oct-3/4, Sox2, Nanog, LIF, BMP, genesis, germ cell nuclear factor, GDF-3, FGF-4, UTF1, Fbx15, and Sall4[92,94,96]
Hematopoietic stem cells (expression of SM/TF)
Human	Positive SM	CD34, CD90, CD49R, and CD133[7,97,98]
	Negative SM	Lin, CD38, and CD45RA[7,97,98]
	TF	AHR, BMI1, GFI1, HES1, HLF, Runx-1, Scl/tal-1, Lmo-2, MII, Tel, and GATA-2[97,99]
Mouse	Positive SM	Sca-1, c-kit, CD49b, CD150, (endoglin), and Slamf1[7,97,100]
	Negative SM	Lin, FLT3, CD34, CD41, Flk2, and CD48[7,97,100]
	TF	Runx-1, Scl/tal-1, Lmo-2, MII, Tel, Bmi-1, Gfi-1, and GATA-2[99,101]
Multipotent stem cells (expression of SM/TF)
Human	Positive SM	CD146, CD44, CD13, CD73, CD90, CD105, and MHC class I[18,102]
	Negative SM	CD34, CD45, c-kit, KDR, CD56, CD271, CD140a, CD140b, and ALP[18,102]
	TF	Oct-4 Rex-1, Nanog, and BmI-1[102,103]
Mouse	Positive SM	c-Kit, CD9, CD13, CD31, SSEA-1, and Sca-1[17,104]
	Negative SM	CD3, CD19, CD34, CD44, CD45, c-Kit Thy1, Flk-1MHC-I, MHC class II, Gr-1, and Mac-1[17,104]
	TF	Oct-4, Rex-1, and Nanog[16,102]
Mesenchymal stem cells (expression of SM/TF)
Human	Positive SM	CD10, CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49e (a5-integrin), CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1), CD58, CD71, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140a, CD140b, CD146, CD166 (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), CD271, Sca-1, ALP MHC class I, vimentin, cytokeratin (CK) 8, CK-18, and nestin[18,27-29]
	Negative SM	CD4, CD8, CD11a, CD11b, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD25, CD31, CD33, CD34, CD45, CD49b, CD49d, CD49f, CD50, CD56, CD62E, CD62L, CD62P, CD79a, CD80, CD86, CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule [VCAM]-1), CD117, CD271, c-kit, KDR, HLA-DR, cadherin V, and glycophorin A[18,27-29]
	TF	Oct-4, Rex-1, and Sox-2[105]
Mouse	Positive SM	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and Sca-1, Thy1.2, and CD135[10,23,24,26,28]
	Negative SM	CD11b, CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and CD86, CD135, c-Kit, and VCAM-1[10,23,24,26,28]
	TF	HOX, stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), Nanog, Oct-4, Rex-1, and GATA-4[25]

SM: Surface marker; TF: Transcription factor.