Strategies to improve regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells

Table 2 Effect of glucose concentrations on cells

Glucose concentration	Major findings	Cell types	Ref.
Glucose free and 4.5 g/L	Glucose depletion enhances proliferation, delays senescence and restores ability of aged cells to repair senescent infarcted myocardium	Mouse bone marrow derived MSCs	[109]
0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 4.5 g/L	High glucose decreases viability while low glucose concentration retains high proliferative and differentiation capability of cells	Rat bone marrow derived MSCs	[110]
5.56 mmol/L, 13.9 mmol/L, 27.8 mmol/L, and 55.6 mmol/L	Decrease in population doublings and CFUs. Increased senescence in high glucose	Human adipose tissue derived MSCs	[111]
5.5 mM and 25 mM	No negative impact on population doublings and expansion. Increased senescence, inhibit osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential	Endosteal niche lining compact bone cells (CB-MSCs)	[112]
1 g/L and 4.5 g/L	Decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis and senescence	Nucleus pulpous-derived MSCs	[113]
5.5 mM and 35 mM	Increased apoptosis	Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts	[114]
5 mM/L and 25 mM/L	Increased oxidative stress	Mesangial cells	[118]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.