Epigenetic regulation of dental pulp stem cells and its potential in regenerative endodontics

Table 2 Epigenetic molecules promoting odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells

	Targets	Cell population	Medium	Upregulated odontogenic genes	Downregulated odontogenic genes	Reference
HDACis
TSA	HDAC 1, 2, 3 (Class I); HDAC 4, 5, 6 (Class II)	pDPSCs	MM	DMP1, DSPP, BSP	OCN	[124]
		Murine MDPC23	MM	Dmp1		[119]
		Rodent primary dental pulp cells	MM	Bmp4, Dspp, Bmp2, Opn		[116]
		Rodent MDPC23	GM	Bmp4, Ocn, Dmp1, Runx2		[16]
SAHA	classes I and II	Murine MDPC23	MM	Nfic, Dspp, Alp, Dmp1, nestin		[122]
VPA	HDAC 1, 2, 3 (class I)	pDPSCs	GM, MM	BSP, OPN	OCN	[117]
		Murine MDPC23	MM	Dmp1, Bmp4, Tgfβ1		[119]
		rodent MDPC23	GM	Bmp2/4, Ocn, Runx2		[16]
		Rodent primary DPSCs	MM	Dmp1, Bmp2, Bmp4, Dspp, Opn		[116]
MS-275	HDAC 1, 3 (class I)	pDPSCs	GM	RUNX2, DMP1, ALP, DSPP		[126]
		rodent MDPC23	GM	Bmp2/4, Col1α1, Ocn, Dmp1, Dspp, Runx2, Klf5, Msx1		[16]
LMK-235	HDAC 4, 5 (class II)	pDPSCs	GM	ALP, DSPP		[127]
			MM	ALP, DSPP, RUNX2		[127]
DNMTis
5-Aza-CdR		pDPSCs	MM	DSPP, DMP1, OSX, DLX5, RUNX2		[38]
RG-108		Murine mDPC6T	MM	Klf4, Dspp, Dmp1		[40]

HDACis: Histone deacetylase inhibitors; TSA: Trichostatin A; SAHA: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; VPA: Valproic acid; MS-275: Entinostat; DNMTis: DNA methyltransferases inhibitors; 5-Aza-CdR: 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; pDPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells from permanent teeth; MDPC23: Murine odontoblast-like cell line; mDPC6T: Murine preodontoblast cell line; MM: Mineralized medium; GM: Growth medium; DMP1: Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1; DSPP: Dentin sialophosphoprotein; BSP: Bone sialoprotein; BMP4: Bone morphogenetic protein 4; BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein 2; OPN: Osteopontin; Runx2: RUNX Family transcription factor 2; Nfic: Nuclear factor I C; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Tgfβ1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; OCN: Osteocalcin; Col1α1: Collagen type I alpha 1; Klf5: Kruppel like factor 5; MSX1: Msh homeobox 1.