Proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a porous collagen sponge scaffold

Figure 2 Real-time PCR analysis of gene expression levels after stimulation with transforming growth factor beta 1 (10 ng/mL), insulin-like growth factor 1 (10 ng/mL), growth differentiation factor 7 (100 ng/mL), or transforming growth factor beta 1 plus insulin-like growth factor 1 (both at 10 ng/mL) for 3 or 12 d in the 2D and 3D cultures. A: Col1a1; B: Col3a1; C: Tnc; D: Scx; E: Tnmd; F: PPARγ; G: Runx2. The results of the target gene expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD; n = 3. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01. TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; GDF-7: Growth differentiation factor 7.