Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

Table 2 Summary of exosome isolation methods

Methods	Mechanism	Advantages	Disadvantages
Ultracentrifugation	Physical method	A golden standard; low cost; a wide range of volumes	Low yield; low purity; time-consuming
Membrane filtration	Physical method using filters	Simple; fast; high yield; keeps exosomes intact	Low purity; deformation of exosomes
Precipitation	Physical/chemical method	High yield; easy; high recoveries	Low purity; contaminants
Size exclusion chromatography	Use columns packed with pore beads	High yield; reduces exosome aggregation; keeps exosomes intact	A small number of bands; time-consuming
Immunoaffinity capture technology	Magnetic beads bound to specific antibodies	High yield; high purity; specialty	Time-consuming; high cost