Hunting down the dominating subclone of cancer stem cells as a potential new therapeutic target in multiple myeloma: An artificial intelligence perspective

Table 1 Multi-Phase Laser-cavitation Single Cell Analyzer can perform both circulating tumor cells enumeration and single-cell molecular characterization

Technology for CTC	CTC count	Molecular profile	Single CTC molecular profile	Ref.
MF
Proposed MLSCA (uFACS and on-chip RT/PCR)	Yes	Yes	Yes
CTC chip micropost	Yes	Yes	No	[47,48]
Isolate CTC by size with filter	Yes	Yes	No	[49]
Cytometer
Flow cytometry (i.e. FACS)	Yes	Yes	No	[50]
Multiphoton intravital flow cytometry	Yes	No	No	[51]
laser scanning cytometry	Yes	No	No	[52]
Photoacoustic flowmetry	Yes	No	No	[53]
Fiber-optic array scanning technology (FAST)	Yes	No	No	[54]
ICC (Ab)
CellSearch™ (Immunomagnetic enrichment, FDA approved)	Yes	Yes	No	[55]
Immunomagnetic cell sorting for positive or negative selection	Yes	Yes	No	[56]
Epithelial immunospot (EPISPOT) of CTC secreted proteins	Yes	No	No	[57]
Others
Density gradient centrifugation	Yes	Yes	No	[58]
Dielectrophoresis	Yes	Yes	No	[59]
Collagen adhesion matrix ingestion assay	Yes	No	No	[60]
PCR detection of tumor-derived nucleic acid in serum/plasma	No	Yes	No	[61]
RT/PCR detection of tumor-specific markers in nucleated blood cells	No	Yes	No	[62]
Membrane arrays for detecting multiple tumor-specific mRNA	No	Yes	No	[63]

MLSCA: Multi-Phase Laser-cavitation Single Cell Analyzer; ICC: Immunocytochemical staining; MEMS: Microelectromechanical system; MC: Microfluidic channels; MF: Multiparametric flow; CTC: Circulating tumor cells; RT: Reverse transcriptase; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.