Efficient differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells from Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells using human platelet lysate: A potential cell source for small blood vessel engineering

Figure 4 Repopulation of decellularized human umbilical arteries with vascular smooth muscle cells. A: Histological analysis with H & E of decellularized human umbilical arteries (hUAs) (A-a, A-e), repopulated hUAs after 1^st wk (A-b, A-f), 2^nd wk (A-c, A-g) and 3^rd wk (A-d, A-h). Indirect immunofluorescence against MYH11 in combination with DAPI of decellularized hUAs (A-i), repopulated hUAs after 1^st wk (A-j), 2^nd wk (A-k) and 3^rd wk (A-l). Immunohistochemistry against Ki67 and PCNA of decellularized hUAs (A-m, A-q), and repopulated hUAs after 1^st wk (A-n, A-r), 2^nd wk (A-o, A-s) and 3^rd wk (A-p, A-t). Images A-a to d were presented with original magnification 10×, 100 μm scale bars. Images A-f to l were presented with original magnification 20× and 50 μm scale bars. Images A-i to t were presented with original magnification 40× and 20 μm scale bars; B, C: Total hydroxyproline (B) and sGAG (C) quantification of hUAs before and after repopulation with VSMCs; D, E: Determination of DNA content (D) and ADP/ATP ratio (E). Statistically significant differences in total hydroxyproline, sGAG, DNA content and ADP/ATP ratio were observed between the study groups (P < 0.05). Decel hUA: decellularized human umbilical artery, repop hUA: repopulated human umbilical artery.