Mesenchymal stem cells from different sources and their derived exosomes: A pre-clinical perspective

Table 1 Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

	In vitro study	In vivo study (animal model / clinical use)	Results	Ref.
Liver disease	+	Liver injury model (Rat)	Improves liver regeneration and recovery	Damania et al[23], 2018
Liver disease	+	Liver fibrosis model (Rat)	Reduces liver fibrosis	Rong et al[24], 2019
Intervertebral disc degeneration	-	Tail model (Rat)	Prevents disc degeneration progression	Liao et al[25], 2019
Intervertebral disc degeneration	+	IDD model (Rabbit)	Prevents the progression of degeneration via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	Xia et al[26], 2019
Cancer	+	Xenografted with glioblastoma cells (Nude mice)	Improves glioblastoma	Wang et al[27], 2019
Cancer	+	Pancreatic cancer cells xenografted (Nude mice)	Inhibits cancer development	Wu et al[28], 2019
Bone regeneration	+	Calvarian defect (Rat)	Promotes bone regeneration and neovascularization	Zhu et al[30], 2019
Graft vs host disease	+	GvHD model (Mouse)	Enhances Treg production in vitro and in vivo	Zhang et al[34], 2018
Graft vs host disease	+	GvHD model (Mouse)	Ameliorates aGvHD via the therapeutic infusion of BM MSC-Ex	Fuji et al[33], 2018
Graft vs host disease	-	Clinical patient	Patient stable for several months after exosome application	Kordelas et al[32], 2014

GvHD: Graft vs host disease; BM MSC-Ex: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes; IDD: Intervertebral disc degeneration.