In vivo cardiac pacemaker function of differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue transplanted into porcine hearts

Figure 6 Ventricular escape rhythm recovery time after atrioventricular node ablation. A: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group; B: Native human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (nhaMSC) group; C: Differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (dhaMSC) group. 1: Ventricular escape rhythm before overstimulation by electronic pacemaker. 2: Overstimulation with VVI 80 bpm for 30 s by electronic pacemaker. 3: Ventricular escape rhythm after overstimulation by electronic pacemaker. Depicted ventricular escape rhythm recovery time values are exemplary for one pig of each group (dhaMSC, nhaMSC or PBS), average values of n = 6 pigs are included in the text. Electrocardiograms recorded at a speed of 25 mm/s. PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; nhaMSC: Native human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue; dhaMSC: Differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue; VERT: Ventricular escape rhythm recovery time.