Impelling force and current challenges by chemicals in somatic cell reprogramming and expansion beyond hepatocytes

Table 2 The specificity and commonality of chemicals in direct lineage conversion

Compounds	Function	Target germ layer and cell types			Ref.
		Ectoderm: Neural stem/ progenitor cell, neuron	Mesoderm: Cardiomyocyte	Endoderm/ extraembryonic endoderm: Endoderm progenitor cell, XENs
A83-01	TGF-βRI (ALK4/5/7) inhibitor	+	+		[42,43,51,53]
AM580	RAR agonist			+	[25,54]
AS8351	KDM5B inhibitor		+		[53]
Bay K 8644	Ca2+ channel activator		+		[51]
BIX01294	Histone methyltransferase inhibitor	+	+		[42,53]
CHIR99021	GSK3 inhibitor	+	+	+	[25,41-46,50,51,53-55,78]
DMH1	BMP inhibitor	+			[46]
EPZ004777	DOT1L inhibitor			+	[25,54]
Forskolin	cAMP activator	+	+	+	[25,44-46,50,51,54,55,78]
GO6983	PKC inhibitor	+			[44]
Hh-Ag1.5	Smo agonist	+			[43]
I-BET151	BET bromodomain inhibitor	+			[78]
ISX9	Neurogenic agent	+			[78]
JNJ10198409	PDGF-RTK inhibitor		+		[53]
LDN193189	BMP type I receptor (ALK2/3) inhibitor	+			[43,45]
OAC2	Oct4 activator		+		[53]
Parnate (Tranylcypromine)	LSD1/MAO inhibitor	+	+	+	[25,43,50,54]
PD0325901	MEK inhibitor	+			[42,45]
RepSox (616452)	TGF-βRI (ALK5) inhibitor	+	+	+	[25,41,44,46,50,54,55]
RG108	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor	+			[42,43]
SB431542	TGF-βRI (ALK4/7) inhibitor	+			[45,78]
SC1	ERK1/RasGAP inhibitor		+		[51,53]
SMER28	Autophagy modulator	+			[43]
SP600125	JNK inhibitor	+			[44,46]
SU16F	PDGFRβ inhibitor		+		[53]
TTNPB	RAR agonist		+	+	[50,55]
VPA	Histone deacetylase inhibitor	+	+	+	[25,41,42,44,46,50,54]
Y‑27632	ROCK inhibitor	+	+	+	[44,46,53-55]

XENs: Extraembryonic endoderm-like cells.