Effects of various antimicrobial agents on multi-directional differentiation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Table 1 Effects of various antimicrobial agents on osteogenic differentiation

Agent		Ref.	Cell / animal	Effect	Concentration
Antituberculosis drugs	Rifampicin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
		[15]	BMSCs	Inhibition	4-128 μg/mL
β-lactams	Penicillin	[16]	BMSCs	No effect	30 μg/mL
		[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 500 μg/mL
	Flucloxacillin	[16]	BMSCs	No effect	200 μg/mL
	Nafcillin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
	Cefazolin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 200 μg/mL
	Cefuroxime	[16]	BMSCs	No effect	50 μg/mL
	Cefotaxime	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 500 μg/mL
	Cefepime	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 200 μg/mL
	Imipenem	[14]	Osteoblasts	No effect	0-1000 μg/mL
	Meropenem	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 500 μg/mL
Macrolides	Azithromycin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
Aminoglycosides	Gentamicin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
		[16]	BMSCs	Inhibition	≥ 75 μg/mL
		[17]	BMSCs	Inhibition	50-200 μg/mL
		[18]	C2C12	Inhibition	12.5-800 μg/mL
	Amikacin	[14]	Osteoblasts	No effect	0-1000 μg/mL
	Tobramycin	[20]	BMSCs	Inhibition	300-1000 μg/mL
		[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 500 μg/mL
Tetracyclines	Tetracycline	[22]	BMSCs	Inhibition	10 μg/mL
	Doxycycline	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
	Minocycline	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
Quinolones	Levofloxacin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 200 μg/mL
	Ciprofloxacin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
Polypeptide antibiotics	Colistin	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 100 μg/mL
	Bacitracin	[23]	BMSCs	Promotion	0.1-10 μmol/L
	Vancomycin	[24]	BMSCs	No effect	0-500 μg/mL
		[24]	BMSCs	Inhibition	5000 μg/mL
		[14]	Osteoblasts	No effect	0-2000 μg/mL
		[25]	BMSCs	No effect	0-20 μg/mL
		[16]	BMSCs	Inhibition	200 μg/mL
Other types of antibiotics	Metronidazole	[16]	BMSCs	No effect	20 μg/mL
	Trimethoprim	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥ 500 μg/mL
	Linezolidone	[14]	Osteoblasts	Inhibition	≥100 μg/mL
	Salinomycin	[26]	BMSCs	No effect	10 μmol/L
Natural peptides	Lactoferrin	[27]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	10-100 μg/mL
		[29]	MC3T3-E1	Promotion	1-1000 μg/mL
	Hepcidin	[30]	BMSCs	Promotion	0.2 mmol/L
	LL-37	[31]	BMSCs	Promotion	5-20 μg/mL
	KR-12	[32]	BMSCs	Promotion	1-1000 μg/mL
Chinese traditional drug extracts	Cordycepin	[33]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	10 μg/mL
		[34]	BMSCs	Promotion	10 μg/mL
	Tanshinone IIA	[35]	BMSCs	Promotion	1-5 μmol/L
		[36]	C2C12	Promotion	2.5-10 μmol/L
	Andrographolide	[37]	Osteoblasts	Promotion	4.46 or 8.92 μmol/L
	Baicalin	[38]	Sprague-Dawley rats	Promotion	50 mg/kg
		[39]	Osteoblasts	Promotion	50 μmol/L
	Costunolide	[40]	C3H10T1/2	Promotion	1 ng/mL
	Extract of lithospermum	[41]	C2C12	Promotion	30 or 60 μg/mL
		[42]	C2C12	Promotion	2 or 4 μg/mL
	Naringin	[43]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	0.1 μmol/L
	Curcumin	[44]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	5-20 μmol/L
	Limonene	[45]	C2C12	Promotion	2.5-10 μL
	Extract of piperaceae	[46]	Sprague-Dawley rats	Promotion	100 or 200 mg/kg
	Eugenol	[47]	Dental pulp cells	Inhibition	0.1-1 mL
	Saikosaponin-A	[48]	BMSCs	Promotion	10-40 μL
	Licochalcone A	[49]	MC3T3-E1	Promotion	2.5-5 μL
Antifungal drugs	Trichostatin A	[50]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	75 nL
		[51]	Periodontal ligament cells	Promotion	100-400 nL
		[52]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Promotion	1 μL
	Voriconazole	[53]	Osteoblasts	Promotion	15 or 200 μg/mL
	Fluconazole	[53]	Osteoblasts	No effect	15 or 200 μg/mL