Neural stem cell transplantation therapy for brain ischemic stroke: Review and perspectives

Figure 3 Exosomes derived from neural stem cells are critical for the benefits of stem cell-based therapy. NSCs-exosomes can overcome many of the risks and difficulties associated with stem-cell-based therapy. The exosomes contain the active ingredients of cells, can cross the BBB freely, mediate the immunomodulatory, have no immune tolerance, load drugs and can be labelled for targeted therapy etc. Currently NSCs-exosomes as stem cell-free molecules may be the most promising treatment candidate of stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke. NSCs: Neural stem cells; BBB: Blood-brain barrier.