Stem cell therapy for faecal incontinence: Current state and future perspectives

Table 1 Faecal incontinence models employed in published preclinical studies and their types of reparation systems

Surgical injury	Crioinjury	Pudendal nerve crush	No injury
Section	2	1[43]	3
Anterior: 2
Left lateral: 9[43]
Posterior subtotal: 3
Proctoepisiotomy: 1
25% excision: 4
50% excision (IAS: 1) (both: 3)
Total excision EAS: 1
Type of reparations employed
Surgical repair	No repair	Substitution	Not applicable
6	Crioinjury: 2	2	3
Randomized 2[39,64]	Section: 9[39,43,64] Excision: 7

Numbers indicate the number of published studies. EAS: External anal sphincter; IAS: Internal anal sphincter.