The management of patients with the short bowel syndrome

Table 2 Nutrients that regulate gut adaptation

Nutrient	Effect on Intestinal Adaptation
Soluble fibre and short	SCFA-supplemented parenteral nutrition led to an increase in ileal uptake of D-glucose in rats with an 80% small bowel resection[28].
chain fatty acids
	A 2% pectin-enriched elemental diet led to a significant increase in intestinal weight, mucosal protein content, and mucosal DNA
	content in rats with an 80% small bowel resection[29].
Triglycerides	Rats fed with an elemental diet containing 60% long chain triglycerides after a 60% resection had a greater intestinal adaptation than
	rats fed a diet containing 17% long chain triglycerides[30].
Ornithine	Enteral supplements of ornithine 2g·kg-1·d-1 significantly increased jejunal crypt depth ratio and significantly increased glutamine
α -ketoglutarate	concentration in anterior tibialis muscle[31].
	Enteral supplements of ornithine 1 g·kg-1·d-1 significantly increased ileal villus height and expression of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA
	in the ileum[32].
Glutamine	In rats with an 85% small bowel resection, feeding a 2% glutamine-enriched TPN solution, enhanced intestinal adaptation as assessed by
	mucosal villus height, and mucosal DNA content[33].
	A glutamine-enriched diet enhanced ileal hyperplasia in rats with an 80% small bowel resection[34].
	In rats with a 70% small bowel resection, feeding a 5% glutamine-enriched rats chow diet inhibited intestinal adaptation as assessed by
	duodenal protein content and ileal DNA content[35].
	A 2% glutamine-enriched elemental diet did not alter markers of intestinal adaptation in rats with a massive small bowel resection[36].
	A 4% glutamine-enriched oral diet did not significantly alter intestinal adaptation after intestinal resection in rats[37].