Comparison of efficacy and safety of different treatment modalities for hemorrhoids: A network meta-analysis

Figure 2 Risk-of-bias assessment. A: Risk-of-bias assessments for the 66 included randomized controlled trials, showing the proportion of studies rated as “low risk,” “some concerns,” or “high risk” for each of the 5 Risk of Bias 2.0 domains: Randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, outcome measurement, and selective reporting; B: Overall risk-of-bias judgment for the included studies, categorized as low risk, some concerns, or high risk; C: Traffic light plot providing a study-by-study visualization of domain-level judgments (green = low risk; yellow = some concerns; orange = high risk). The majority of studies (81.8%) were rated as having some concerns regarding risk of bias; 5 studies (7.6%) were rated as high risk, primarily due to inadequate randomization methods or substantial loss to follow-up.