Robot-assisted massage is associated with improved duodenal barrier-related outcomes in a rabbit model of functional dyspepsia

Figure 5 Effect of massage on duodenal histopathology in rabbits with functional dyspepsia (hematoxylin and eosin staining, n = 6). Representative photomicrographs are shown at original magnifications of × 200 (upper row; scale bar, 200 μm) and × 400 (lower row; scale bar, 100 μm). Black arrows indicate epithelial shedding or discontinuity; yellow arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria; orange asterisks indicate submucosal edema; blue arrowheads indicate crypt disruption. Cornflower-blue double-headed arrows indicate villus height, and chocolate-yellow solid double-headed arrows indicate crypt depth. C: The control group; M: The model group; LP: The light-pressure group; MP: The medium-pressure group; HP: The heavy-pressure group.