Gut microbiota signatures in colorectal cancer: Evidence synthesis from umbrella review and probiotic intervention studies

Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies (n = 6)

Ref.	Country	Design	Population	N, P/C	Intervention	Dose	Duration/sampling	Age, P/C	Sex, M/F, P/C	BMI, P/C
Rafter et al[22]	Ireland	RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled; single-center	Postoperative colon cancer patients within 5 years of resection	37, 19/18	Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG + inulin	Synbiotic 1 12 g/day; 1010 CFU/day	12 weeks; baseline, weeks 6, weeks 12	61.1 ± 5.55/57.0 ± 9.75	Reported values need checking	NR/NR
Park et al[26]	South Korea	RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled; multicenter	Colon cancer patients undergoing anterior resection; perioperative intervention	60, 29/31	Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HY8002 + Lactiplantibacillus casei HY2782 + Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7712	2 g bid; 2 × 108 CFU/day total	4 weeks + 1-week follow-up; baseline, pre-op, 3 weeks post-op, 4 weeks post-op	60.10 ± 10.37/61.03 ± 7.02	13/18, 13/18, check P group	24.42 ± 2.90/24.04 ± 3.53
Wang et al[27]	China	Retrospective cohort; single-center	Advanced CRC with malnutrition; receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy ± targeted therapy	80, 40/40	Streptococcus thermophilus acidophilus NCFM + Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 + Streptococcus thermophilus St-21 + mixed fiber	2 × 109 CFU/day + fiber 20 g/day	12 weeks; baseline, weeks 12	64.75 ± 6.22/63.94 ± 5.63	19/21, 23/17	17.56 ± 1.04/17.47 ± 1.16
Hibberd et al[25]	Sweden	Prospective randomized pilot study; single-center	Stage I-III colon cancer patients; intervention after colonoscopy and before surgery	15, 8/7	Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 + Lactiplantibacillus acidophilus NCFM + inulin	2 tablets/day; 2.1 × 1010 CFU/day total + inulin 0.63 g	Mean 31 ± 28 days; post-colonoscopy, pre-op	77 ± 5.2/63 ± 13.3	Reported values need checking	24.1 ± 1.7/NR
Gianotti et al[23]	Italy	RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm; multicenter	Colon cancer patients undergoing elective colorectal resection; perioperative intervention	31, 11 low-dose/10 high-dose/10 control	Lactiplantibacillus johnsonii La1 + Bifidobacterium longum BB536	Low: 2 × 107 CFU/day; high: 2 × 109 CFU/day; bid	6 days; day - 4, day 0, day + 5	64.7 ± 4.8 low/62.7 ± 7.8 high/63.3 ± 10.2 control	Reported values need checking	26.5 ± 4.1 low/24.4 ± 3.7 high/25.6 ± 2.6 control
Liu et al[24]	China	RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled; single-center	CRC patients undergoing elective radical colorectomy; perioperative intervention	100, 50/50	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CGMCC No.1258 + Lactiplantibacillus acidophilus LA-11 + Bifidobacterium longum BL-88	2 g/day; 2.6 × 1014 CFU/day total	16 days; pre-trial, pre-op, post-op day 3, post-op day 10	65.7 ± 9.9/65.3 ± 11.0	28/22, 31/19	22.8 ± 1.8/22.6 ± 2.0

P/C: Probiotic/control; M/F: Male/female; BMI: Body mass index; CRC: Colorectal cancer; NR: Not reported; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; CFU: Colony-forming units; pre-op: Preoperative; post-op: Postoperative; bid: Twice daily.