Mechanisms of Fuling Zexie decoction against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Integrative metabolomics, gut microbiota and serum pharmacochemistry

Figure 3 Metabolome profiling of Fuling Zexie decoction in the serum, liver, and urine in rats with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. A: Principal component analysis score plots; B-D: Orthogonal least partial squares discriminant analysis plot and permutation test plot of serum (B), liver (C), and urine (D); E: Volcano plot of differential metabolite expression; F: Bubble plot of metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; FC: Fenofibrate capsules group; FZD: Fuling Zexie decoction group; QC: Quality control group; ESI+: Positive ion mode; ESI-: Negative ion mode; PC: Principal component; VIP: Variable importance in projection; FC: Fold change; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ESI: Electrospray ionization.