Mechanisms of Fuling Zexie decoction against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Integrative metabolomics, gut microbiota and serum pharmacochemistry

Figure 1 Effect of Fuling Zexie decoction on free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells. A: Viability of HepG2 cells at 50-350 μg/mL concentrations of Fuling Zexie decoction; B: Oil red O stained sections (scale bar = 50 μm); C: Analysis of relative lipid droplet content; D-M: Total cholesterol (D), triglyceride (E), alanine aminotransferase (F), aspartate aminotransferase (G), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (H), superoxide dismutase (I), glutathione (J), tumor necrosis factor-α (K), interleukin (IL)-1β (L), IL-6 (M) levels in the free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells. Data were obtained from 3 independent measurements. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. All P values vs the model group. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; FC: Fenofibrate capsules group; FZD: Fuling Zexie decoction group; HFZD: High-dose Fuling Zexie decoction group; LFZD: Low-dose Fuling Zexie decoction group; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.