Helicobacter pylori infection, dining habits, and cohabitation in health examination and household cohorts

Table 5 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in the enrolled households

Variable	Category	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
		B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β
Family structure	Couple with children	Ref		Ref
	Single-parent or one-parent-out-migrant family	-0.99 (0.48)a	-0.34	-0.78 (0.42)	-0.27
	Sibling-only household	-0.03 (1.23)	-0.00	-0.11 (1.19)	-0.02
	Three-generation household	-0.30 (1.57)	-0.13	0.13 (1.52)	0.06
	Other	-0.21 (0.46)	-0.06	-0.38 (0.47)	-0.11
Family size (n)	-	0.15 (0.16)	0.19	0.14 (0.15)	0.18
Generations in household	-	-0.08 (1.55)	-0.03	-0.39 (1.49)	-0.18
Annual household income (thousand yuan)	< 100	Ref		Ref
	100-300	-0.52 (0.32)	-0.23	-0.38 (0.30)	-0.17
	> 300	-0.29 (0.45)	-0.10	-0.22 (0.42)	-0.07
Household living area (m2)	< 60	Ref		Ref
	60-120	-0.39 (0.87)	-0.17	-0.62 (0.83)	-0.27
	> 120	-0.35 (0.86)	-0.16	-0.55 (0.84)	-0.25
Pets in household	No	Ref		Ref
	Yes	0.44 (0.50)	0.12	0.24 (0.48)	0.07
Living together time (year)	< 1	Ref		Ref
	1-5	-0.35 (0.93)	-0.06	0.18 (0.80)	0.03
	6-10	0.20 (0.64)	0.08	0.05 (0.59)	0.02
	> 10	0.28 (0.62)	0.12	0.10 (0.58)	0.05
Children	Children under 5 years old	Ref		Ref
	Children aged 6-18	-1.04 (0.32)b	-0.44	-1.02 (0.32)b	-0.43
Sources of drinking water	Bottled water	Ref				Ref
	Purified water	1.75 (0.93)	0.27			1.02 (0.90)	0.16
	Tap water	0.34 (0.42)	0.11			0.12 (0.42)	0.04
Dishwashing	In a basin	Ref				Ref
	Tap water	0.19 (0.34)	0.08			0.12 (0.31)	0.05
Tableware sterilization	No	Ref				Ref
	Yes	-0.19 (0.30)	-0.08			-0.31 (0.30)	-0.14
Individual dining	No	Ref				Ref
	Yes	0.76 (0.53)	0.24			0.55 (0.50)	0.17
Serving chopsticks	No	Ref				Ref
	Yes	-0.58 (0.45)	-0.21			-0.58 (0.44)	-0.21

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Model 2 was adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Model 3 was adjusted for eating habits. Ref: Reference; B: Unstandardized regression coefficient; β: Standardized regression coefficient.