Helicobacter pylori infection, dining habits, and cohabitation in health examination and household cohorts

Table 1 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in health examination populations

Variable	Category	Model 1	P value	Model 2	P value
Age	-	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	< 0.001c
Gender	Female	Ref
	Male	0.98 (0.97-0.99)	< 0.001c
Marital	Unmarried	Ref
	Married or cohabitated	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.058
Education	Junior high school or below	Ref
	Senior high school	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.386
	College or above	0.98 (0.97-0.99)	< 0.001c
Occupation	Unfixed	Ref
	Fixed	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.003b
Drinking	Never drank	Ref
	Current drinker	1.00 (1.00-1.01)	0.327
	Former drinker (no alcohol in past year)	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	0.994
Structured three meal patterning	Consistent	Ref		Ref
	Inconsistent	1.02 (1.00-1.04)	0.033	1.03 (1.01-1.04)	< 0.001c
	Partially consistent	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.017	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.019
Late night snacks	No late-night snacks	Ref		Ref
	≤ 1 time/week	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.127	0.97 (0.96-0.98)	< 0.001c
	> 1 time/week	0.96 (0.94-0.99)	0.002b	0.95 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001c
Social dining	≤ 1 time/week	Ref		Ref
	2-3 times/week	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.002b	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.006b
	4-5 times/week	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	0.014	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	0.010
	≥ 6 times/week	1.02 (0.98-1.07)	0.324	1.03 (1.00-1.07)	0.050
Dietary taste	Light	Ref		Ref
	Salty	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.434	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.601
	No specific preference	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.548	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.381
Smoked or cured foods	No	Ref		Ref
	Yes	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.613	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.137
Spicy food	No	Ref		Ref
	Yes	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	< 0.001c	1.01 (1.01-1.02)	< 0.001c
Fast food	No	Ref		Ref
	Yes	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.326	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.061
No aforementioned habits	No	Ref		Ref
	Yes	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.904	1.00 (-0.99 to -1.00)	0.416
Food structure	Mainly whole grains	Ref		Ref
	Mainly refined grains	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.123	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.842
	Mix of refined and whole grains	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.206	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.829
	Not sure	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.748	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.124
Milk	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.700	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	0.132
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.720	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.129
	≥ 6 times/week	0.99 (0.96-1.01)	0.279	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.034
Beans or bean products	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.342	0.98 (0.97-1.00)	0.015
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.649	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.042
	≥ 6 times/week	1.01 (0.97-1.04)	0.691	0.99 (0.96-1.01)	0.369
Fruit	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	0.98 (0.97-1.01)	0.146	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.116
	3-5 times/week	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.024	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.013
	≥ 6 times/week	0.97 (0.95-1.00)	0.020	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.026
Daily vegetable consumption	≤ 100 g	Ref		Ref
	100-200 g	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.153	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.745
	200-500 g	0.97 (0.96-0.99)	< 0.001c	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.013
	≥ 500 g	0.98 (0.95-1.01)	0.180	0.98 (0.96-1.01)	0.158
Fat meat	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.405	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.449
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.765	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.074
	≥ 6 times/week	0.94 (0.88-1.00)	0.044	0.96 (0.91-1.01)	0.115
Animal offal	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.003b	1.02 (1.01-1.02)	< 0.001c
	3-5 times/week	1.04 (1.01-1.06)	0.002b	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	0.004b
	≥ 6 times/week	1.06 (0.94-1.20)	0.367	1.05 (0.94-1.17)	0.369
Suga sweetened beverages	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	0.200	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.445
	3-5 times/week	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.245	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.426
	≥ 6 times/week	1.02 (0.96-1.08)	0.506	0.99 (0.94-1.03)	0.605

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Model 2 was adjusted for living and eating habits. Ref: Reference.