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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2026; 32(9): 115131
Published online Mar 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i9.115131
Table 5 Summary of drug-resistance models and their applications in pancreatic cancer research
Research objective
Recommended model
High-throughput compound screening2D cell lines or organoids
Microenvironment-mediated resistance mechanismsCo-culture systems or PDX models
Personalized therapy validationPDO, PDX, or organoids
Combination strategies with immunotherapyHumanized immune system mice


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