Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway activation

Figure 8 Modulation of gut microbiota composition by Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment in mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. A and B: Taxonomic profiles at phylum (A) and genus (B) levels in the cecal contents of mice from different experimental groups (n = 6); C: Spearman correlations between key microbial genera and biochemical parameters; D-F: Hepatic gamma-linolenic acid (D), docosahexaenoic acid (E), and linolenic acid (F) levels (n = 4). One-way analysis of variance was employed. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^aP < 0.05 vs normal diet group. ^bP < 0.01 vs normal diet group. ^cP < 0.05 vs high-fat diet group. ND: Normal diet; HFD: High-fat diet; L-LXO: Low-dose Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment; H-LXO: High-dose Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; GLA: Gamma-linolenic acid; LA: Linolenic acid.